This kind of cross tabulation of frequencies is also called The total number of all the observations in the table is called the grand total. The row and column totals are also called marginal totals, I have also added the totals for each row and column and for the whole table. Tells us that in this study there were 71 women who both were married The number in the first cell of Table 1, which is 71,
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The numbers in a contingency table are frequencies. The part of a table defined by a particular row and column is called a cell The data are arranged in rows and columns. Acceptance of HIV test grouped by marital status Odds ratio, and the number needed to treat.Ī contingency table is a cross-tabulation of two categorical variables.įor example, Table 1 shows data from a study of theĪcceptance of the HIV antibody test in antenatal clinics (Meadows et al., 1994). The chi-squared test for trend, risk ratio, relative risk, or rate ratio, In this lecture I cover the chi-squared test for association, Fisher's exact test, Many statistical methods have been developed to analyse such data. Or 'female' or 'male' are called dichotomous, attribute,
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We could code 'yes' as 1 and 'no' as 2, or 'yes' as 2 and 'no' as 1Īnd it would not make any difference to the analysis.Ĭategorical variables with only two categories, such as 'alive' or 'dead', The number does have any numerical meaning. Where we have numbers which represent the magnitude of something, such as blood pressure.Įven though these may actually be recorded as numerical codes 1, 2, 3, or 4, This is different from quantitative data, 'good' or 'excellent', or give as options for a question 'yes', 'no', or 'don't know'. Qualitative data are also called nominal or categorical,Īnd happen when we classify subjects into two or more categories.įor example, we might classify a patient's condition as 'poor', 'fair', Introduction to Statistics for Research: Proportions, chi-squared tests and odds ratios Proportions, chi-squared tests and odds ratios